Lesson 3 - Use of Consonants (자음) and Vowels (모음)

 Vowels in the korean languages may be attached to the left, right or beneath each other to form a word, the following are examples or their use :
가 = ka                            거 = keo                            겨 = kyeo
갸 = kya                           기 = ki                              고 = ko
바 = pa                             버 = peo                           부 = pu
뵤 = pyo                           지 = chi                             저 = cheo
즈 = chu                           조 = cho                            마 = ma
머 = meo                          무 = mo                             나 = na
너 = neo                           이 = i                                 야 = ya
디 = ti                               고 = ko                              댜 = tya
요 = yo                             오 = o                                도 = to    
드 = tu                              두 = too                             그 = ku

When constructing a word, you must add a mixture of consonants and vowels, beginning with the consonant at the beginning of the word. In some cases, there is no need to use a consonant at the beginning in which case ㅇ (null character) is used.

ㅇ        +       ㅏ                     =       아    a  

ㄹ        +       ㅡ       +    ㅁ      =       름    rum  

ㄱ        +       ㅏ       +    ㅁ      =       감    kam  

ㄲ        +       ㅜ       +    ㅇ      =       꿍    kkoong  

ㅇ        +       ㅗ       +    ㅅ      =       옷    ot  

ㅇ        +       ㅓ       +    ㅂㅅ  =       없    eop  

ㄲ        +       ㅗ       +    ㅊ      =       꽃    kkot  

ㅎ        +       ㅏ       +    ㄴ      =       한    han  

ㄱ        +       ㅡ       +    ㄱ      =       극   guk

A syllable that consists of a consonant and a "vertical vowel" is written with the consonant on the left and the vowel on the right
ㄴ + ㅏ = 나
n + a = na

A syllable that consists of a consonant and a "horizontal vowel" is written with the consonant on top and the vowel underneath:
ㅁ + ㅗ = 모
m + o = mo

If a syllable has a consonant, vowel, and consonant, the final consonant, called patch'im (meaning "supporting floor" in Korean) goes to the bottom -- or floor -- of that syllable.
ㅁ + ㅏ + ㄴ = 만
m + a + n = man

sumber : Learn-Korean.net